CRITICALLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE KEY ISSUES INFORMING EARLY YEARS Essay

CRITICALLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE KEY ISSUES INFORMING EARLY YEARS EDUCATION AND CARE POLICY UNDER THE NEW LABOUR GOVERNMENT - Essay Example The New Labour government came up with the third way – ‘policies’ that were being developed on what works. Power and Whitty (1999) concluded that â€Å"it might be more accurate to suggest that new labour government program is based on a combination of what’s popular and what’s easy rather than what works.† The new labour party always featured education as its first most priority. The party continued coming up with new strategies and plans. For them, education was the necessity of every individual in a nation. Through proper education system, not only the standard of state is raised but unemployment can also be prevented to some extent. The government wanted to provide quality nursery education, for example by, setting up primary schools of standard, building new schools on public and private partnership, introducing the need of new technologies, hiring more skilled and dedicated staff in schools to improve teaching methods etc. These were the policies of the party in 1997 (Labour Party Manifesto, 2001). In 2001 the party manifesto was to establish more secondary schools with different missions. The subjects like Mathematics, English, Science and Information Technology were given more importance in the curriculum. Their manifesto included creating nursery for three year olds, introducing more learning at primary schools with music and sports, and arranging more state schools. The aim of the party was to polish the talent of every child and giving them more opportunities to excel in life (Labour Party Manifesto, 2001). In the first term of their government, the Labour party changed the method of teaching with establishing primary schools. In the second term, they transformed the secondary schools in accordance with the teachers and staff of schools, and formed more specialist schools with each having a unique identity. In 2005, their manifesto was to establish an education

Unit VI Assessment#2 Particulate Matter Monitors Essay

Unit VI Assessment#2 Particulate Matter Monitors - Essay Example Working Principle: This monitor is an example of a high speed counter with a resolution of 1 count/liter. The monitor collects aerosols on a removable 47 mm Teflon filter allowing for future analysis. The particulate monitor can also analyze aerosols using 1.177 GRIMM Software program on a computer screen. The monitor has a random sampling head for collecting particles and leading them directly into an optical chamber that has a laser. The chamber counts each particle and classifies them by size. The concentration of the particles relates to the duration of collection. The monitor can also give results continuously up to one minute intervals (Peters, Ott, & Patrick, 2006).  Ã‚   Key Features:   The Model 1.108 can conduct real-time monitoring and the same times analyze the particles later. The monitor can measure particle size ranges from 0.30  µm to 20  µm and can auto zeros and self-diagnose itself. The monitor has software that is fully compatible with most Windows operating systems Peters, M., Ott, D., & Patrick, T. (2006). Comparison of the Grimm 1.108 and 1.109 Portable Aerosol Spectrometer to the TSI 3321 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer for Dry Partciles. Annals of Occupational Hygiene Advance Access ,

Psychological Manipulation Different Techniques Psychology Essay

Psychological Manipulation Different Techniques Psychology Essay Psychological manipulation is  like brain washing in that it wears away the victims self-confidence, sense of self-worth, trust in their own perceptions, and self-concept. Whichever way it is done, the results will be fairly similar. Eventually, the recipient of the abuse loses all sense of self and the final remaining vestiges of personal value. Psychological manipulation cuts through to the very core of a person. It cuts scars that are deeper and longer lasting than physical ones. Manipulators may take many forms to manipulate people throughout the different ages. Most people have all been manipulated by others. Telling a white lie in order to get what we want is one way of manipulation. Students are dishonorable for telling teachers that they couldnt get their paper in on time because their computer crashed the previous night. Employees claim to be sick in order to miss a day of work. When a manipulator manipulates other people, he is depriving them from their ability to make decisions based on their own accurate reading of reality. When a manipulator tells a lie, he provides an alternate reality to the other person therefore, they make decisions that may be to that manipulators advantage, but it may not be a decision that this person would make if he knew all the facts. People all want to trust and assume the best in other people. People believe that when someone tells them something, the other person is telling the truth. When people have been repeatedly hurt because others have taken advantage of our trust, People may change their beliefs about the world. They may become pessimistic and try to undermine others before we are hurt again. However, the best strategy is probably to trust until someone shows us that they cant be trusted. Its even better if we can learn how to recognize psychological manipulation when it appears. (Recognition of psychological manipulation will be seen later in this paper). Manipulators use many techniques of manipulation. I will now state two which I find used by many manipulators. A psychological manipulator is always displaying his/herself in the image of a willing helper. If you ask him/her to do something they will almost agree. In other words, when you ask him for something he agrees and when you thank him/her, he/she makes a lot of sighs or gestures that let you know they dont really want to do whatever you asked of him/her. Psychological manipulators can make you doubt yourself as they are very good at turning things around. They will say a thing and later assure you that they didnt where they can make you think that one plus one is three. Psychological Manipulation can be very effective that it may control ur behaviors and actions such as seen in the famous novel 1984. There are simple ways in which you can spot manipulators therefore preventing them from manipulating you. First thing to keep in mind is when a manipulator has years of experience they use words as their weapon of choice. They know exactly what to say and how to say it in order to get what they want.  Understand that psychological manipulators dont care what you want. They may act as though they do, but know that they have great acting ability. Many can cry on cue or act out fits of rage and not be angry at all. The second thing you should put in mind is that emotional manipulators are charming and all your friends and family will like them. They put on their best impersonation of a nice person around others. They continue this facade throughout your time together. This deception is how they make you turn out to be the crazy one.   Your feelings are your best friend. If something doesnt feel right and you are feeling confused, then you need to really pay close attention to what this person is saying and doing. When you find that their actions dont match their words, take this is a bright red flag. They will say something like Everybody makes mistakes. Even Im not perfect. This is a guilt trap set up and dont fall into it! Third psychological manipulation tactic is flirting. They flirt right in front of you, and then accuse you of over reacting. Naturally, then, youre the bad person ; theyre just being friendly, and so on. They thrive on your drama, so they find ways to push your buttons.   Remember, in the beginning theyre listening and watching, so they know what gets to you. Give them ammunition and they will use it! This is why you do not bare secrets early on. Its your secrets and fears that they use to make you appear unstable and unreasonable. The Fourth and most important to keep in mind is to look for doubt to set in, not in them, but in you. You will start doubting your own sanity. Did I really say that? Did I really do that? Emotional manipulation is all about making a person doubt themselves. This way the manipulator is always right and always gets their way. They are in control and plan to keep it that way. The use of guilt, anger, deception, intimidation, control and power will all come into play at some point. They will also be ambiguous, elusive, and emotionally unavailable. There is no love only lust. Sad to say, but many people mistake lust for love and fall for this tactic head first. The last thing to take care of is to know that the worst part of this is that if youre around them long enough, you will become like them. Thats right, you become like who youre around. How do you fight back or survive if you dont use emotional manipulation tactics yourself? After all, manipulators dont play fair! Its called natural adaptation. Many times it ends in sadness and violence; emotional baggage to carry for life unless counseling is sought. If you dont want to fall for these emotional manipulators build up your self esteem and confidence, so that you find their behaviors are unacceptable. People are sitting at a neutral state being swung back and forth on what and who to believe. They dont know that manipulation can be very dangerous and can be used in totalitarianism especially if they are manipulated by double think. An example of double think, the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in ones mind simultaneously and accepting both of them, as a manipulation technique for a large population (e.g. population of a country) is found in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. Where British citizens are psychologically manipulated to believe what the government and media declares. War is Peace is an example. To illustrate War is Peace, we must look at the term keeping the peace. America, the worlds liberator, has a wicked habit of keeping the peace in foreign lands. What this really means is that they send troops to these lands, armed with the most advanced weaponry, and threaten to kill everyone that goes against the interests of democracy. All of this is in the name of keeping the peace. The act of doublethink is now common in the world, many young adults are torn to believe contradictory statements about politics, and life which will prevent future generations from knowing what peace is. Not everyone in this world knows about psychological manipulation. Psychological manipulation techniques may be scattered all around your life; but that doesnt mean you have to give in to them. With this paper, you are now more equipped to handle different manipulative techniques. I also do recommend people to prepare their children to overcome manipulation. Sources: Books: Title: Mind Control. Publisher: Citadel; illustrated edition edition (August 1, 2006). Author: Dr.Haha Lung. Internet: http://www.manipulative-people.com/psychological-manipulation-an-overview/. http://mentalabuse.org/home.asp. http://www.articlesbase.com/self-improvement-articles/psychological-manipulation-techniques-3-awful-things-people-do-to-manipulate-others-1574468.html. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_manipulation. http://www.psychologicalharassment.com/psychological_manipulation.htm.

Brave new world - Embrace misfits? :: essays research papers fc

Embrace misfits? People in today's society tend to be "normal" and have a place to "fit" into our society. However, there are those who are "abnormal" and do not "fit". In today's social order, it is "normal" for those who "fit" and those who do not "fit" to co-exist. In the novel Brave New World, those who do not "fit" are cast out onto an island far away from civilization. Those who are cast out are referred to as misfits. Looking at Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World as a guide, should we embrace or shun the misfits in our own world? When a world is manipulated it is insufficient and flawed since those who have created it are imperfect. There are different types of misfits in the book Brave New World. They represent and illustrate how man will never have full control, or are able to improve an already perfect world. The following paragraphs will discuss that by abolishing feelings, individuality and intellect to per fect a community, faults and outcasts are emphasised. In the world today, people are encouraged to value the family. Incorporated with a family is sex. A portion of females in our society today, are brought up to cherish their virtue and taught that sex is a very sacred and special thing that should be only shared with the one you love. Unfortunately, with so much resting on the importance of sex and love people may be come infatuated with it and sometimes even obsessed. â€Å"Mother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge had but a single outlet. My love, my baby. No wonder these poor pre-moderns were mad and wicked and miserable. Their world didn’t allow them to take things easily, didn’t allow them to be sane, virtuous, happy. What with mothers and lovers, what with the prohibitions they were not conditioned to obey, what with the temptations and the lonely remorse’s, what with all the diseases and the endless isolating pain, what with the uncertainties and the pover ty – they were forced to feel strongly. And feeling strongly (and strongly, what was more, in solitude, in hopelessly individual isolation), how could they be stable?† (Huxley 41). This suggests the way of living in the World state sees love, romance and sex as a flaw in our society today. However their mistakes of such assumptions are represented in misfits who do not share the same instincts as the other citizens of the state. Brave new world - Embrace misfits? :: essays research papers fc Embrace misfits? People in today's society tend to be "normal" and have a place to "fit" into our society. However, there are those who are "abnormal" and do not "fit". In today's social order, it is "normal" for those who "fit" and those who do not "fit" to co-exist. In the novel Brave New World, those who do not "fit" are cast out onto an island far away from civilization. Those who are cast out are referred to as misfits. Looking at Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World as a guide, should we embrace or shun the misfits in our own world? When a world is manipulated it is insufficient and flawed since those who have created it are imperfect. There are different types of misfits in the book Brave New World. They represent and illustrate how man will never have full control, or are able to improve an already perfect world. The following paragraphs will discuss that by abolishing feelings, individuality and intellect to per fect a community, faults and outcasts are emphasised. In the world today, people are encouraged to value the family. Incorporated with a family is sex. A portion of females in our society today, are brought up to cherish their virtue and taught that sex is a very sacred and special thing that should be only shared with the one you love. Unfortunately, with so much resting on the importance of sex and love people may be come infatuated with it and sometimes even obsessed. â€Å"Mother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge had but a single outlet. My love, my baby. No wonder these poor pre-moderns were mad and wicked and miserable. Their world didn’t allow them to take things easily, didn’t allow them to be sane, virtuous, happy. What with mothers and lovers, what with the prohibitions they were not conditioned to obey, what with the temptations and the lonely remorse’s, what with all the diseases and the endless isolating pain, what with the uncertainties and the pover ty – they were forced to feel strongly. And feeling strongly (and strongly, what was more, in solitude, in hopelessly individual isolation), how could they be stable?† (Huxley 41). This suggests the way of living in the World state sees love, romance and sex as a flaw in our society today. However their mistakes of such assumptions are represented in misfits who do not share the same instincts as the other citizens of the state.

Deconstructing the Sphinx of Fashion Essay

Clad in drapes and flowing fabric, with enough chutzpah to sport a turban that had become her signature, Madame Gres had always been an icon of fashion and art. With a stellar list of clients and muses, from noble royals such as Princess Grace of Monaco, Princess Matilda of Greece, the Duchess of Windsor and the Duchess of Deterling, among others; to film celebrities and then-socialites Marlene Dietrich, Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis, Barbra Streisand, and Greta Garbo. Such was her presence and inimitable style that many would say, unwittingly, that she was more Garbo than Garbo herself (www. parfumsgres. com). Full of passion and fashion, and shrouded with mystery. Even her birth was mysterious. Many documented sources indicate that she was born to a bourgeois family, a fact that was only established after many years. Her birth on November 30, 1903 gave her the name Germaine Emilie Krebs, hardly one suitable for a would-be legendary fashion designer. To keep historical accounts of her personal life consistently vague, not much is known about her early years—until she eventually launched her fashion career sometime after the Wall Street plunge in 1930, an unfortunate time to do so as the market was no longer viable for luxury products. Some reports have it that she started as a sculptor, but was never quite successful at it—making her decide to change career paths (Mendoza). It is also said that she soon opened a couture house under the name Alix, yet others have mentioned that she was only but an employee of a small-time couturier named Julie Barton. However, that time was adjudged to be the best for a woman to be working in fashion, since the most well-known names—Lanvin, Vionnet and Chanel—made themselves known during the period (www. telegraph. co. uk). She later married the Russian painter Serge Czerefkov, and used the anagram of his name as hers, exactly the way he would sign his artwork. But the marriage laster only for a year or less, for Czerefkov traveled all the way from France to Polynesia, and never returned. Alix Gres, as Germaine Emilie Krebs then called herself, forged on and indulged herself in the one passion that would etch her name in history—fabrics and fashion. Taking inspiration from one of her design models, Madeleine Vionnet (Chang, 2005), the Grecian silhouette was what art and fashion historians would attach to the Gres name. Madame Gres viewed the clothes she created as works of art, and fashioned a manner of construction and style that is uniquely hers—draping. This technique, as opposed to tailoring, entailed sculpting yards of fabric directly onto the bodies of her models. producing her acclaimed signature, the flowing jersey dress. Gres’ distinct style emulated the classic Hellenic dress, which called for what is known as wet-drapery—the manner of fabric contortion through animated folds, that ultimately reveals the shape and contour of the human body (Koda, 200-). Clearly, it is Gres’ background in sculpture that influenced her choice of couture, that also brought her to use other like fabrics such as chiffon and crepe. Her lines were always simple and clean, yet completely feminine and elegant. Drama was her goal, and unlike most designers in the 1940s and 50s, Madame Gres never relied on structure and stiff support to create her silhouettes, no matter how much complexity and angular shapes were in fashion at the time. She also used heavy fabric and paper taffeta to achieve her signature flowing designs, which achieved more impact than expected, considering its basic construction. The dresses and gowns of Madame Gres were always lauded for their almost-opposing characteristics of being timeless and modern at the same time, yet in truth, they were innovative and evolved constantly. During the 1940s, in the aftermath of World War II, many restrictions were put in place and Madame Gres’ classic Grecian fashions could no longer be produced as often and as much as she used to. Because of this, she focused on perfecting another technique called fluting, which is a detailed, highly-concentrated version of the regular pleating. thus, when fabric became widely available once more, Madame Gres easily incorporated this new standard of workmanship into her classic Greek-inspired creations. In 1958, Madame Gres went on a journey to India, where she discovered another significant influence on her art. It was here that she took a liking for the country’s native saris and caftans, which she rightly surmised would perfectly blend with her already-established smooth, flowing style. Fashion journals all over the world showcased Gres’ new collections that included pajama pants, which she wisely combined with the trends at the time—even with miniskirts and the ubiquitous hot pant (The Museum at Fit). It was also during this trip that Madame Gres took inspiration for a perfume line she named Cabochard, quite apt for the launch of her new company called Parfums Gres, The 1970s and 80s proved to be Madame Gres’ most memorable years, for at this time she was offered numerous titles and recognition. In 1974, she became President of La Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, as well as recipient of the De d’Or de la Haute Couture. Later, in 1980, Madame Gres was named â€Å"The most elegant woman in the world†, and, for her unmatched contribution to French culture, she was given the honor of being a â€Å"Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur†. Also, while she constantly refused to delve into pret-a-porter, it was during the same year that she launched Gres Boutique—her first collection. Her colleagues also agreed with all the accolades given her, particularly her sense of design and classic style. The popular designer Bill Blass was asked for his opinion, on the statement that fashion is an art. He said no, it is a craft, unless it is done by Balenciaga or Madame Gres. For further validation of the woman’s talents, 1988’s Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion named her â€Å"the greatest living couturier† (www. parfumsgres. com). But not everything in Madame Gres’ life was as pristine and flowing as the dresses she designed, or the celebrated couture house that was at par with the world’s best (Cocks, 1986). Like many successful celebrities, she had her own share of negative publicity and vicious tales. Stories have been told about her indifference to the past and the accomplishments she made, even as she would travel the world just t open numerous boutiques to her name. While the legendary Vogue editor, Diana Vreeland, would comment that Madame Gres had the best address in Paris (Trow, 1980), Gres was also compared to Carmel Snow, longtime editor of Harper’s Bazaar, on their both being self-centered and uninterested in nothing but themselves (Horyn, 2005). But what was most disturbing and mysterious about Madame Gres’ life is her death in 1993. For over a year, her only daughter Ann kept the fact hidden from fashion journalists and her mother’s colleagues. Ann would even respond to queries sent about Madame Gres, indicating her mother’s appreciation of the gestures, as evidenced by the time when Yves Saint Laurent gave due praise to the Gres prospective of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ann sent back a note detailing how Madame Gres was greatly touched and appreciative, even including a personal account of her mother’s humble beginnings, told in an uncomfortably personal tone. In truth, Madame Gres was already whiling away her remaining days at a nursing home in the South of France. She was believed to have been either 89 or 94 years old. The fashion society in Paris were all baffled by this turn of events, which they were completely uninformed about. She continued to hold the position of honorary president of the Chambre Syndicale, because no one knew of her her demise. Apparently, correspondence was sent regularly to Ann Gres, which she refused to answer. Ann Gres was adamant about keeping her mother’s death a secret. She believed that was how Madame Gres would have wanted things to be—mysterious and secretive. She disclosed, though, that their family was in dire need of funds and other resources, that she had not been able to even afford a decent tombstone befitting her legendary mother. Ann also lambasted her mother’s so-called friends, whom she declared to have never even inquired about Madame Gres’ condition. Sadly, this was how things turned out for the once-prosperous fashion icon. Her business, with debts and failures mounting, was sold to Bernard Tapie, an American businessman. After two years, the French group Estorel took over the company, only to go bankrupt in 1987. Eventually, a Japanese investment group called Yagi bought the Madame Gres name for $2 million in 1988, but the contract did not include royalty payments for the designer. (Deeney, 1994). The same fate happened to her perfume company, which was acquired by Lamotte Taurelle, a distribution company, that later sold it to a finance company subsdiary. The licenses were soon purchased by The Escada Group, which in turn sold in 2001 to Silvio Denz (www. parfumsgres. com). To this day, much of Madame Gres’ influences live on, and her existing pieces are now proverbial treasures. Auctions of her creations command the highest prices, as they are true showcases of a woman’s lifelong passion for the art of fashion. Draping is a skill many of today’s young designers try to emulate, an example of which is a noted finalist in Season Four of Project Runway, a hugely popular American reality show documenting the challenges of over a dozen young designers. Rami Kashou, who won second place, is known for his talent in draping—which may probably tell of his knowledge of Madame Gres’ legacy. It is just, however, completely mind-boggling how many accounts and stories lead to the conclusion that Madame Gres and her incredible talent would be the source of envy of her only child. Though, as they say, Ann Gres despised her mother for that known fact, But it is correct to say that Madame Gres has carved her name and design philosophy into the annals of global fashion. And just like her ethereal creations that had been consistently singular and distinct, the life of Madame Alix Gres, or Germaine Emilie Krebs, will always be mysterious and legendary. Works Cited Cocks, Jay. â€Å"An Elegant Legacy Comes Alive†. Time Magazine, February 3, 1986. Trow, George W. S. The Talk of the Town. â€Å"Work†. The New Yorker, September 29, 1980. Horyn, Cathy. â€Å"Before There Was Vreeland†. The New York Times, December 4, 2005. Deeney, Godfrey. â€Å"The Strange, Secret Death of Madame Gres†. Women’s Wear Daily, December 14, 1994. Koda, Harold. â€Å"Classical Art and Modern Dress†. Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 200-. The Costume Institute. â€Å"Costume in the Metropolitan Museum of Art†. Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 200-. Alix Gres: An Exceptional Couturier. http://www. telegraph. co. uk/fashion/main. jhtml? xml=/fashion/2008/02/17/st_ madamegres. xml Biography. http://www. parfumsgres. com/biography. html Chang, Lia. Cut and Construction: The Foundations of Fashion, 2005. http://www. asianconnections. com/a/? article_id=594 Mendoza, Sandra. Alix Gres (1903-1993). http://www. vintagefashionguild. org/content/view/664/111/ The Museum at Fit. The Life and Career of Madame Gres. http://www3. fitnyc. edu/museum/gres/lifeandcareer. htm

Late Adulthood Essay

Reaching late adulthood is a stage in life that individuals often hope to be able to reach. Life starts from the moment of conception and goes on until we all reach the unavoidable stage of death. Individuals all deal with life in many different ways. An adult that has gone through life completing most of the tasks that he/she wanted to complete can go into the stage of late adulthood generally happy. †¨People in late adulthood often face many health problems. I have researched three sites that identify the current issues that place significance on late adulthood. Current issues consist of depression and suicide, health care issues as well as a decline in a physical manner and cognitive development. †¨Late adulthood is generally considered to begin approximately around the age of 65. Erik Erikson suggests that at this time it is important to find meaning and satisfaction in life rather than to become bitter and disillusioned. That is, to resolve the conflict of integrity ve rsus despair. It has been estimated that by the year 2030, Americans over 65 will make up 20% of the population. Despite the problems associated with longevity, studies of people in their 70s have shown that growing old is not necessarily synonymous with substantial mental or physical deterioration. Many older people are happy and engaged in a variety of activities. However, it still remains that according to the American Psychological Association depression and suicide are a significant public health issues for older adults. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders experienced by elders, but fortunately it is treatable by a variety of means. Currently older adults in the United States succumb to more minor symptoms of depression at a higher then that of younger adults. Late adults in the Baby Boomer generation seem to be displaying depressive  disorders at a significantly higher rate than previous groups; this trend displays a greater incidence of depression.†¨ †¨Depression is not only a prevalent disorder but is also a pervasive problem. Depressed older adults, like younger persons, tend to use health services at high rates, engage in poorer health behaviors, and evidence what is known as â€Å"excess disability.† Depression is also associated with suicide. Older adults have the highest rates of suicide of any a ge group, and this is particularly pronounced among men. †¨Physical changes, people typically reach the peak of their physical strength and endurance during there twenties and then gradually decline. In later adulthood, a variety of physiological changes may occur, including some degree of atrophy of the brain and a decrease in the rate of neural processes. Bone mass diminishes, especially among women, leading to bone density disorders such as osteoporosis. Muscles become weaker unless exercise programs are followed. You become less flexible and hair loss occurs in both sexes. As people live longer issues of quality of life take on greater importance. Many older Americans suffer chronic health problems that limit their ability to enjoy their later years. These conditions often lead to serious physical limitations that have a major impact on an individual’s ability to live independently.The most common chronic health problem among older adults is arthritis. Nationally, among persons aged 70 or older, 50% of men and 64% of women reported having arthritis (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). In Texas, the percentage is virtually the same – 51.3% of persons 65 and older report that they have some form of chronic joint symptoms (Texas Department of Health, 1999). Arthritis can be a crippling and painful disease that makes it difficult for older adults to perform even the most basic Adult Living Skills. End result is lost of mobility and disability. Adjustment is a part of life. The study of cognitive changes in the older population is complex. Response speeds have been reported to decline; some researchers believe that age†related decrease in working memory is the crucial factor underlying poorer performance by the elderly on cognitive tasks. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Intellectual changes in late adulthood , it do not always result in reduction of ability. While fluid intelligence (the ability to see and to use patterns and relationships to solve problems) does decline in later years, crystallized intelligence (the ability to use accumulated information  to solve problems and make decisions) has been shown to rise slightly over the entire life span. K. Warner Schaie and Sherry Willis reported that a decline in cognitive performance could be reversed in 40% to 60% of elderly people who were given remedial training. Dementia is usually responsible for cognitive defects seen in older people. These disorders, however, occur only in about 15% of people over 65. The leading cause of dementia in the United States is Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive, eventually fatal disease that begins with confusion and memory lapses and ends with the loss of ability to care for oneself. Being able to reach old age is a blessing and a gift. Howe ver, it can come with a lot adjustment as life takes it toll. As I have explained late adults can suffer from depression and suicide, health care issues, as well as a decline in physical and cognitive development. As young adults we most try to remain physically and mentally tough to slow these effects.